The UN Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC)’s World Drug Report 2022 released today, has details rises in the cannabis legalization in parts of the world appears to have
accelerated daily use and related health impacts, according to
manufacturing of cocaine, the expansion of synthetic drugs to new markets, and continued gaps in the
availability of drug treatments, especially for women.
According to the report, around 284 million people aged 15-64 used drugs worldwide in 2020, a 26 per
cent increase over the previous decade. Young people are using more drugs, with use levels today in
many countries higher than with the previous generation. In Africa and Latin America, people under 35
represent the majority of people being treated for drug use disorders.
Globally, the report estimates that 11.2 million people worldwide were injecting drugs. Around half of this
number were living with hepatitis C, 1.4 million were living with HIV, and 1.2 million were living with both.
Reacting to these findings, UNODC Executive Director Ghada Waly stated: “Numbers for the
manufacturing and seizures of many illicit drugs are hitting record highs, even as global emergencies are
deepening vulnerabilities. At the same time, misperceptions regarding the magnitude of the problem and
the associated harms are depriving people of care and treatment and driving young people towards
harmful behaviours. We need to devote the necessary resources and attention to addressing every
aspect of the world drug problem, including the provision of evidence-based care to all who need it, and
we need to improve the knowledge base on how illicit drugs relate to other urgent challenges, such as
conflicts and environmental degradation.”
The report further emphasizes the importance of galvanizing the international community, governments,
civil society and all stakeholders to take urgent action to protect people, including by strengthening drug
use prevention and treatment and by tackling illicit drug supply.
Early indications and effects of cannabis legalization
Cannabis legalization in North America appears to have increased daily cannabis use, especially potent
cannabis products and particularly among young adults. Associated increases in people with psychiatric
disorders, suicides and hospitalizations have also been reported. Legalization has also increased tax
revenues and generally reduced arrest rates for cannabis possession.
Continued growth in drug production and trafficking
Cocaine manufacture was at a record high in 2020, growing 11 per cent from 2019 to 1,982 tons. Cocaine
seizures also increased, despite the Covid-19 pandemic, to a record 1,424 tons in 2020. Nearly 90 per
cent of cocaine seized globally in 2021 was trafficked in containers and/or by sea. Seizure data suggest
that cocaine trafficking is expanding to other regions outside the main markets of North America and
Europe, with increased levels of trafficking to Africa and Asia .
Trafficking of methamphetamine continues to expand geographically, with 117 countries reporting
seizures of methamphetamine in 2016‒2020 versus 84 in 2006‒2010. Meanwhile, the quantities of
methamphetamine seized grew five-fold between 2010 and 2020.
Opium production worldwide grew seven per cent between 2020 and 2021 to 7,930 tons ‐ predominantly
due to an increase in production in Afghanistan. However, the global area under opium poppy cultivation
fell by 16 per cent to 246,800 ha in the same period.
Key drug trends broken down by region
In many countries in Africa and South and Central America, the largest proportion of people in treatment
for drug use disorders are there primarily for cannabis use disorders. In Eastern and South-Eastern
Europe and in Central Asia, people are most often in treatment for opioid use disorders.
In the United States and Canada, overdose deaths, predominantly driven by an epidemic of the non-
medical use of fentanyl, continue to break records. Preliminary estimates in the United States point to
more than 107,000 drug overdose deaths in 2021, up from nearly 92,000 in 2020.
In the two largest markets for methamphetamine, seizures have been increasing ‐ they rose by seven per
cent in North America from the previous year, while in South-East Asia they increased by 30 per cent
from the previous year, record highs in both regions. A record high was also reported for
methamphetamine seizures reported from South-West Asia, increasing by 50 per cent in 2020 from 2019.
Great inequality remains in the availability of pharmaceutical opioids for medical consumption. In 2020,
there were 7,500 more doses per 1 million inhabitants of controlled pain medication in North America than
in West and Central Africa.
Conflict zones as magnets for synthetic drug production
This year’s report also highlights that illicit drug economies can flourish in situations of conflict and where
the rule of law is weak, and in turn can prolong or fuel conflict.
Information from the Middle East and South-East Asia suggest that conflict situations can act as a magnet
for the manufacture of synthetic drugs, which can be produced anywhere. This effect may be greater
when the conflict area is close to large consumer markets.
Historically, parties to conflict have used drugs to finance conflict and generate income. The 2022 World
Drug Report also reveals that conflicts may also disrupt and shift drug trafficking routes, as has happened
in the Balkans and more recently in Ukraine.
A possible growing capacity to manufacture mamphetamine in Ukraine if the conflict persists
There was a significant increase in the number of reported clandestine laboratories in Ukraine,
skyrocketing from 17 dismantled laboratories in 2019 to 79 in 2020. 67 out of these laboratories were
producing amphetamines, up from five in 2019 ‐ the highest number of dismantled laboratories reported
in any given country in 2020.
The environmental impacts of drug
markets
Illicit drug markets, according to the 2022 World Drug Report, can have local, community or individual-
level impacts on the environment. Key findings include that the carbon footprint of indoor cannabis is
between 16 and 100 times more than outdoor cannabis on average and that the footprint of 1 kilogram of
cocaine is 30 times greater than that of cocoa beans.
Other environmental impacts include substantial deforestation associated with illicit coca cultivation,
waste generated during synthetic drug manufacture that can be 5-30 times the volume of the end product,
and the dumping of waste which can affecting soil, water and air directly, as well as organisms, animals
and the food chain indirectly.
Ongoing gender treatment gap and disparities in drug use and treatment
Women remain in the minority of drug users globally yet tend to increase their rate of drug consumption
and progress to drug use disorders more rapidly than men do. Women now represent an estimated 45-49
per cent of users of amphetamines and non-medical users of pharmaceutical stimulants, pharmaceutical
opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers.
The treatment gap remains large for women globally. Although women represent almost one in two
amphetamines users, they constitute only one in five people in treatment for amphetamine use disorders.
The World Drug Report 2022 also spotlights the wide range of roles fulfilled by women in the global
cocaine economy, including cultivating coca, transporting small quantities of drugs, selling to consumers,
and smuggling into prisons. *** The World Drug Report and further content is available here: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/
analysis/world-drug-report-
The 2022 World Drug Report provides a global overview of the supply and demand of opiates, cocaine,
cannabis, amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substance.
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